Video: Lub yim hli ntuj Kekule qhov kev tshawb pom tau hloov pauv li cas?
2024 Tus sau: Miles Stephen | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-15 23:36
German kws tshuaj Friedrich August Kekulé txiav txim siab qhov valence (tus naj npawb thiab kev muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm lub atom) ntawm carbon, thiab yog thawj tus kws tshawb fawb los tawm tswv yim tias valence tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov molecules thiab qhia tias atoms txuas nrog ib leeg hauv carbon. "chains" los yog, raws li nws
Kuj paub yog, vim li cas Vollers nrhiav tau qhov tseem ceeb rau peb txoj kev paub txog chemistry?
Kekule yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm tus Tus thawj founders ntawm niaj hnub organic chemistry , cov chemistry ntawm carbon-based compounds. Xyoo 1858 nws tau pom tias carbon tuaj yeem txuas nrog nws tus kheej los tsim cov saw ntev. Nyob rau hauv 1865 nws qhia nws nrhiav pom ntawm tus benzene nplhaib as tus hauv paus rau lwm pab pawg loj ntawm carbon molecules.
Ib yam li ntawd, yuav nrhiav tau lub nplhaib benzene li cas? Discovery ntawm benzene tshuaj ua ntej nrhiav pom los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Michael Faraday hauv xyoo 1825 hauv illuminating roj. Nyob rau hauv 1834 German chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich rhuab benzoic acid nrog txiv qaub thiab tsim. tshuaj benzene . Cov qauv ntawm tshuaj benzene tau muaj kev txaus siab txij li nws nrhiav pom.
Hais txog qhov no, leej twg yog Kekule hauv chemistry?
Lub yim hli ntuj Kekul von Stradonitz, thawj lub npe Friedrich Lub Yim Hli Kekulé , (yug Lub Cuaj Hli 7, 1829, Darmstadt, Hesse-tuag Lub Xya Hli 13, 1896, Bonn, Ger.), German kws tshuaj leej twg tsim lub hauv paus rau cov qauv kev xav hauv cov organic chemistry.
Leej twg tuaj nrog cov qauv ntawm benzene?
Txog. Hauv Xyoo 1890, ntawm 25th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub benzene qauv Kev tshawb pom, Friedrich August Kekulé, tus kws tshuaj German, tau nco txog nws qhov kev ua tiav loj thiab qhia txog ob txoj kev npau suav uas nws muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.
Pom zoo:
Qhov kev tshawb xav loj loj tau tshawb pom li cas?
Cosmic microwave keeb kwm yav dhau hluav taws xob Nyob rau hauv 1964, Arno Penzias thiab Robert Wilson serendipitously pom lub cosmic keeb kwm yav dhau hluav taws xob, ib tug omnidirectional teeb liab nyob rau hauv lub microwave band. Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau muab kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev twv loj loj los ntawm Alpher, Herman thiab Gamow nyob ib puag ncig xyoo 1950
Vim li cas tom qab kev hloov pauv kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb?
Kev hloov pauv tom qab kev txhais lus (PTMs) xws li glycosylation thiab phosphorylation ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm hemostatic proteins thiab tseem ceeb heev hauv kev teeb tsa kab mob. Xws li theem nrab hloov pauv rau cov proteins hemostatic muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov proteins
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm ib puag ncig kev hloov pauv thiab kev hloov pauv qub txeeg qub teg?
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom yog hu ua variation. Qhov no yog inherited variation. Qee qhov kev hloov pauv yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ib puag ncig, lossis ib tus neeg ua dab tsi. Qhov no yog hu ua environmental variation
Thaum ib qho kev sib cais ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb nce ntxiv?
Txij li thaum lub kaw lus raug cais tawm, tsis muaj cua sov tuaj yeem khiav tawm (tus txheej txheem yog li adiabatic), yog li thaum lub zog ntws tawm hauv lub cev, qhov entropy ntawm qhov system nce, piv txwv li Δ Ssys> 0. Yog li ntawd, lub entropy ntawm lub system yuav tsum tau nce rau ib tug spontaneous txheej txheem nyob rau hauv no cais system
Lub zog siv hluav taws xob txuag tau li cas thaum hloov pauv lossis hloov pauv?
Txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag hluav taws xob hais tias rau txhua qhov system, lub zog tsis tuaj yeem tsim lossis rhuav tshem; nws tsuas tuaj yeem hloov ntawm ib daim ntawv mus rau lwm qhov lossis hloov ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm qhov. Mechanical zog los ntawm ob hom: lub zog muaj peev xwm, uas yog khaws cia lub zog, thiab lub zog kinetic, uas yog lub zog ntawm kev txav